الوسم: Metals

التصنيفات
علــوم وتقنيــات Sciences Technique

P.M. Kitco Metals Roundup: Gold Backs Off on Profit-Taking, but Selling Interest Limi

29 April 2022, 2:16 p.m. Some profit-taking pressure pushed Comex gold futures slightly lower Thursday, following recent gains that pushed the market to a fresh nearly five-month high on Wednesday. June gold closed down $3.00 an ounce, at $1,168.80.
Selling interest in gold was muted Thursday amid this week’s news regarding the European Union’s smaller countries’ sovereign debt problems.
Reports Wednesday said Standard & Poors downgraded Spain’s sovereign credit rating. The Spain news came on top of credit agency downgrades of the credit ratings of Greece and Portugal on Tuesday. The situation appeared to calm a bit Thursday amid no fresh news surfacing on the matter.

Heading into the weekend, don’t be surprised to see fresh buying interest in gold, or at least see any downside price pressure in gold limited by notions of some fresh developments regarding EU countries’ sovereign debt before trading resumes next Monday. Gold this week has once again been reasserted a safe-haven investment vehicle.
The London P.M. gold fixing was $1,166.75, compared to the previous P.M. fixing of $1,161.00.
Technically, June gold futures closed near mid-range Thursday. Gold bulls still have the solid near-term technical advantage. Prices are in an 11-week-old uptrend on the daily bar chart. Bulls’ next upside technical objective is to produce a close above psychological resistance at $1,200.00. Bears’ next downside price objective is closing prices below solid technical support at this week’s low of $1,146.60. First resistance is seen at Thursday’s high of $1,171.80 and then at this week’s high of $1,175.30. Support is seen at Thursday’s low of $1,162.20 and then at $1,155.00. Wyckoff’s Market Rating: 7.5.
May silver futures closed up 44.2 cents at $18.549 an ounce Thursday. Prices closed nearer the session high and hit a fresh three-week high. The key “outside markets” were in a bullish posture for silver Thursday, as the U.S. dollar index was lower, while crude oil and the U.S. stock indexes were higher. Silver bulls have the overall near-term technical advantage and gained fresh upside technical momentum Thursday. Prices are in an 11-week-old uptrend on the daily bar chart. The next downside price objective for the bears is closing prices below solid technical support at last week’s low of $17.49. Bulls’ next upside price objective is closing prices above solid technical resistance at the April high of $18.605 an ounce. First resistance is seen at Thursday’s high of $18.565 and then at $18.605. Next support is seen at $18.25 and then at Thursday’s low of $18.055. Wyckoff’s Market Rating: 7.0.
May N.Y. copper closed down 350 points at 333.35 cents Thursday. Prices closed nearer the session low, hit another fresh five-week low and scored a bearish “outside day” down on the daily bar chart. The key “outside markets” were in a bullish posture for copper Thursday, as the U.S. dollar index was lower, while crude oil and the U.S. stock indexes were higher. Yet, the copper market sold off anyway, which is a bearish clue for copper. The bears this week have gained fresh downside technical momentum. Prices are in a three-week-old downtrend on the daily bar chart. The next downside price objective for the bears is closing prices below solid technical support at the March low of 329.00 cents. Bulls’ next upside objective is pushing and closing prices above solid technical resistance at this week’s high of 356.20 cents. First resistance is seen at 335.00 cents and then at 337.50 cents. First support is seen at Thursday’s low of 331.60 cents and then at 330.00 cents. Wyckoff’s Market Rating: 5.0.
By Jim Wyckoff, contributing to Kitco News; jim@jimwyckoff.com

التصنيفات
علــوم وتقنيــات Sciences Technique

P.M. Kitco Metals Roundup: Gold Hits 5Haven Buying as EU Deb

28 April 2022, 2:02 p.m.
Gold was sought out by safer-haven investors worldwide Wednesday as more dour news surfaced regarding the European Union’s smaller countries’ efforts to deal with sovereign debt. June Comex gold futures hit a fresh nearly five-month high and closed near the session high Wednesday, up $9.60 an ounce at $1,171.80.
Reports hit the news wires Wednesday that Standard & Poors downgraded Spain’s sovereign credit rating. Gold almost immediately pushed to a nearly fresh five-month high. The Spain comes on top of credit agency downgrades of the debt of Greece and Portugal on Tuesday.

Gold market bulls especially savored Wednesday’s price action, as the precious yellow metal rallied in the face of a stronger U.S. dollar index that notched a fresh 12-month high. Recent weeks had seen gold categorized as a higher-risk commodity investment that tended to decline in price when the European Union’s debt woes were reported and investor risk appetite shrunk. However, as the EU situation appears to be worsening, gold is now being snapped up by speculators and bargain-hunters this week.
The debt contagion fears have also produced buying of gold as traders move to hedge further downside European currency risk by buying the precious yellow metal with those currencies. Gold hit a new all-time high in Euro currency terms on Wednesday.
The London P.M. gold fixing was $1,161.00, compared to the previous P.M. fixing of $1,149.50.
The two-day meeting of the U.S. Federal Open Market Committee meeting that began Tuesday morning ends Wednesday afternoon. The meeting is garnering less attention due to the EU debt downgrades. It is widely expected the Fed will not raise interest rates at this meeting. However, the wording of the Fed statement following the meeting could hold clues to the Fed’s actions in the coming weeks or few months.
From a technical perspective, June gold futures bulls have the solid near-term technical advantage and have gained more upside momentum this week. Prices are in an 11-week-old uptrend on the daily bar chart. Bulls’ next upside technical objective is to produce a close above psychological resistance at $1,200.00. Bears’ next downside price objective is closing prices below solid technical support at this week’s low of $1,146.60. First resistance is seen at Wednesday’s high of $1,175.30 and then at $1,180.70. Support is seen at Wednesday’s low of $1,161.00 and then at $1,150.00. Wyckoff’s Market Rating: 7.5.
May silver futures closed down 2.4 cents at $18.095 an ounce Wednesday. Prices closed nearer the session high and saw more profit-taking pressure. The U.S. dollar index was higher Wednesday, which did limit buying interest in silver. Silver bulls still have the overall near-term technical advantage. Prices are still in an 11-week-old uptrend on the daily bar chart. The next downside price objective for the bears is closing prices below solid technical support at last week’s low of $17.49. Bulls’ next upside price objective is closing prices above solid technical resistance at the April high of $18.605 an ounce. First resistance is seen at Wednesday’s high of $18.25 and then at this week’s high of $18.42. Next support is seen at $18.00 and then at Wednesday’s low of $17.82. Wyckoff’s Market Rating: 6.5.
May N.Y. copper closed up 50 points at 336.85 cents Wednesday. Prices closed near mid-range and did hit another fresh five-week low early on. The U.S. dollar index was higher Wednesday, which did limit buying interest in copper. The bears this week have gained some fresh downside technical momentum. Prices are now in a three-week-old downtrend on the daily bar chart. The next downside price objective for the bears is closing prices below solid technical support at the March low of 329.00 cents. Bulls’ next upside objective is pushing and closing prices above solid technical resistance at this week’s high of 356.20 cents. First resistance is seen at Wednesday’s high of 338.75 cents and then at 340.00 cents. First support is seen at Wednesday’s low of 332.40 cents and then at 330.00 cents. Wyckoff’s Market Rating: 5.0.
By Jim Wyckoff, contributing to Kitco News; jim@jimwyckoff.com

التصنيفات
العلوم الكيميائية

لا فلزات Non metals

كيمياء الذرة
منذ منتصف سنه 1980 ، والفيزياء الذريه الخبرات تطورات مذهله. بفضل زياده المعرفه وزياده التحكم في التفاعلات بين الفوتونات (الكميات من الضوء والذره عده فرق من الباحثين في العالم لاجراء التجارب الصغيره فيها سحب الذرات هي معطله او معلقه في الفراغ ، وبرد من حراره في بعض بيليونثس درجات فقط فوق الصفر المطلق (- 273،15 ° ج). هذا الموضوع هو موضوع جاءزه نوبل للفيزياء لعام 1997 التي يكافا كلود كوهين – تانودجي (الذين توجه فريق الي كاستلر – بروسل مختبر العليا المعلمين في باريس) وكذلك الاميركيين ستيفن شو ويليامز فيليبس. لمصلحه من هذا العمل ليس فقط علي ضرب جميع السجلات البارده ، ولكن ان يكون قادرا علي التحقيق والمراقبه والتعامل مع الذرات بدقه بالغه. هذه ثياب وكوولينغس للذرات اجريت الاساسيه بمساعده الليزر ، عن علي الطبيعه ظواهر جديده تتعلق غالبا اكثر حميمه قوانين فيزياء الكم وهذه النظريه بنيت في السنوات 1920-1930 وزعزعه صوره واحده تم العالم. الذره كوربوسكليس ليست بسيطه ، بل هي ايضا موجات. لم يعرف احد لها اكثر من سبعين عاما. لكن التجارب المسرحيه جعل الذرات البارده واظهار القوه. ومن الان فصاعدا تسمح بالتدخل بينهما الذرات ، مثل التدخلات المضيءه الاكثر درايه. ومنذ عام 1995 ، ويمكن ايضا الوصول الذره البارد دوله معينه في هذا الموضوع ، و “المتكثف من بوز – اينشتاين” ان فيزياء الكم المتوخاه لفتره طويله. للذرات البارده تمثل جديدا ثم بحث طبقه جديده من الافكار. اصداء تتجاوز العلوم الاساسيه. الساعات الذريه التي تبدا الاستفاده منه. بينما الاستغلال الذريه ، التدخل في مجالات اخري يمكن ان تتابع القياس. وبدا ان تراها الاجهزه تنبعث من الحزم متماسكه من الفوتونات ، ولكن الذرات الليزر ، مع الذرات الذريه نظاءر هذا راءع وغني اليوم الاختراع هو مضيء الليزر. 2. الذره يعلم الجميع اليوم ، هو امر عادي يحدث غالبا الذرات مباشره بينهما يعتمد علي شكل جزيءات. الذرات الصغيره جدا : حجمه عن angström ، اي 10-10 مترا ، اي من العشره بليون متر. وتتكون المجموعه الاساسيه من كهرباء ايجابيه مقابل ، تحيط بها سحابه من الالكترونات ، اذ كل واحد سالب الشحنه الكهرباءيه (ف – = – 1،6 س 10-19 الكولون). الاساس ، وهو قليل من البروتونات وجعل كل واحد من الحمل ، و+ ف صفر ، النيوترونات الحمل. عن ذره محايده ، عدد الالكترونات يساوي عدد البروتونات .

تعليم_الجزائر

هو ابسط ذره الهيدروجين ، التي تتكون من بروتون والكترون. قوانين فيزياء الكم يتسني ان يحدد علي وجه الدقه الطاقه والذره ، وهي حاصل جمع حركي طاقه الالكترون (بروتون ، اكثر جماعيه ، تتحرك في اول) وكهربيه امكانات الطاقه ملزمه الالكترون الي بروتون. ثبت ان الطاقه ممكن قيم تشكل وحده منفصله ، ويمكن ان تكون ايجابيه من المجموع. في البدايه تقريب والطاقه “المستوي” ن من ذره الهيدروجين الجدير : = – ei/n2 فيها اي (الداخليه الاثاره) = 13،6 يليكترونفولتس (1 يليكترونفولت (ق و) = 1،6 س 10-19 الجول ).
تعليم_الجزائر

ولا يمكن تخصيص الكترونات الذره الي ما يعرف المدار. ميكانيكا الكم يعطي فقط احتمالات الوصول ، فعلي سبيل المثال احتمال الكتروني الي التواجد في هذا المكان او تلك وفي هذه اللحظه او تلك. من اين صوره “السحابه الالكترونيه” الغامضه .
تعليم_الجزائر
ولكن عندما الالكترون في ذره الهيدروجين في مستوي الطاقه نون ، تبين ان متوسط المسافه الي بروتون الجدير السنه = a0n2 حيث a0 å 0،5 = 0،5 س 10-10 السيد ن + كبيرا و + الالكترون ليست في المتوسط من النواه الذريه. ل ن الالكترون محدوده ، لا ترتبط بايه اخري الي بروتون والطاقه باطل : الذره المءين. اي (الداخليه الاثاره) = – فريق المفوضين بشان الدفعه بذلك طاقه التاين ، اي ادني الطاقه التي من الضروري تزويد الالكترونات الموجوده اصلا في المستوي الاساسي (ن = 1) بحيث لا ترتبط بايه اخري الذره. الجنيه من الذره الالكترونات لها عده؟ اما بالنسبه للذره الهيدروجين والطاقه الالكترونيه “الكمي” يمكن ان يستغرق سوي بعض القيم. هيكل الطاقه الناتجه من المستويات تعقيدا. جوهر سيحتفظ ان الالكترونات هي موزعه علي مستويات الطاقه اعتبر فيها ن وغيرها “كم عدد” ، ثم شغل “طبقات” من اجل ايواء كل طرف الي اقصي ما يعرف عدد الالكترونات.
لا فلزات Non metals

عناصر تشترك فيما بينها في الصفات الآتية :
1- لها ميل لكسب الإلكترونات .
2- غير موصلة للتيار الكهربائي وتوصل الحرارة بشكل ضعيف .
3- غير قابلة للطرق والسحب .
4- أيوناتها في مركباتها سالبة الشحنة في الغالب .
5- ليس لها لمعان فلزي .
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